The theme of isolation in “Great Expectations” through Miss Havisham Sample Essay Example For Students

The theme of isolation in â€Å"Great Expectations† through Miss Havisham Sample Essay Question: How does Dickens in his portraiture of Miss Havisham explore the subject of isolation? The oldest of eight kids. Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth in 1812. Dickens experienced a really traumatic childhood which included the ordeal of seeing two of his brother base on balls off. John Dickens. his male parent. worked as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. due to his business. the Dickens household had to travel a batch. Financial jobs led to the imprisonment of John Dickens. who couldn’t afford to look after all his household. The whole of Charles Dickens’ household shortly followed in suite. except for Charles himself though. Alternatively Charles was taken out of school and made to work in a foul warehouse. lodging labels on bottles of boot-black for long hours. We will write a custom essay on The theme of isolation in â€Å"Great Expectations† through Miss Havisham Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Devils lived from 1812 boulder clay 1870. during this period ; the justness system in England was really rough. At the age of 16. Charles saw this through his ain eyes. working as a tribunal newsman. During this period there was besides a colossal division between the rich and the hapless. Due to the industrial revolution. the hapless worked for long hours. digesting much adversity. yet gaining really small. In contrast. the rich lived in luxury and. unlike the hapless. could really bask life. One can depict the state of affairs at the clip as- the rich got richer and the hapless got poorer. Besides during the nineteenth century. adult females were treated really severely. they were expected to remain at place and ‘serve’ their hubby. and they were besides put under huge force per unit area to acquire married. It was Charles Dickens’ house belief that the spilt between the rich and the hapless had produced a ‘diseased’ and ‘unhealthy’ society. Dickens’ normally expressed his ain experiences in life. and his moral positions through authorship. Many of his novels deal with issues of relevance to the clip. such as justness and penalty. and the monolithic spread between the rich and hapless. In his fresh â€Å"Great Expectations† . he uses the character of Miss Havisham to demo some of his experiences in life. In a manner the cheerless character Acts of the Apostless as a show piece of Charles’s ain experiences in life. He uses the character to research the subject of isolation. to reflect Dickens’s perceptual experience of adult females and to symbolize the ‘diseased’ upper category of the clip. Through the usage of imagination. word picture. linguistic communication and his usage of dramatic devices. Dickens efficaciously portrays the subject of isolation through Miss Havisham. In â€Å"Great Expectations† . Charles Dickens uses the milieus and visual aspect of Miss Havisham to portray her isolation. Her milieus illustrate isolation and neglection. Dickens uses Satis House to efficaciously convey this. The house is neglected and is separated from society. ‘the great front entryway had two ironss across it outside- and the first thing I noticed was. that the transition were all dark†¦ merely the taper lighted us’ . The darkness of the house echoes the issue of isolation. because visible radiation is seen as a beginning of freedom. The chained doors reflect the neglection of Satis house and how Miss Havisham is locked off in her ain house ; separated from the remainder of society. Besides. Satis house is used to symbolize Miss Havisham’s mental and physical province. The whole house is disintegrating ; everything has been left the same as it was 20 old ages ago. and merely like Miss Havisham herself. the house around her was di sintegrating with her. ‘Everything in that house had been stopped in clip. like she doesn’t want move frontward anymore’ . Another facet which Dickens utilizations to exemplify Miss Havisham’s isolation is clip. in Miss Havisham’s isolated and ignored universe. clip has no intent. ‘†¦ I saw that her ticker had been stopped at 20 proceedingss to nine. and that a clock in the room had stopped at 20 proceedingss to nine. ’ Twenty proceedingss to nine was the clip when Miss Havisham was jilted on her marrying twenty-four hours. twenty old ages ago. This is really melodramatic. and in many ways really unrealistic. but it is used by Dickens to portray Miss Havisham’s isolation. Aswell as her milieus. Dickens uses Miss Havisham’s visual aspect to demo her isolation. Miss Havisham’s visual aspect is a accelerator that Dickens uses to stand for her isolation. she wears the same apparels that she wore on her marrying twenty-four hours twenty old ages ago. ‘she was dressed in rich materials†¦all of white. Her places were white†¦she had a long whit e veil†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ here Dickens utilizations repeat to further beef up his point. and efficaciously portray the subject of isolation. As already noted. Miss Havisham’s character is really melodramatic. and extremely unrealistic. but her theatrical character is used as a arm by Dickens to strongly underscore his belief that the rich of the clip were chesty and selfish. The really fact that she took the determination to divide herself from the remainder of society brings up two different points. the first is that she merely had that option unfastened because of her wealth. and it is because of her obstinacy and haughtiness that she chooses this way. Here Dickens is seeking to underscore the point that the rich have an unfastened door of pick. which the hapless don’t have. but their sheer haughtiness and obstinacy makes them take to disregard traveling through the difficult manner. and seeking to patch back together their lives. instead they opt to take the easier manner out and wholly separate themselves from the remainder of society. The 2nd point that Dickens is seeking to set across is that the adult females of the clip were over-reliant on work forces. when Miss Havisham was jilted on her marrying twenty-four hours. she chose there and so. that she would no longer be able to travel on. because of the demand of a manful figure in her life. This analysis of the state of affairs is wholly incorrect though. Miss Havisham felt that she could non travel on without a adult male. but in existent fact. she could really good hold done so. It is merely because of her wealth that she had the chance to divide herself from society. had she been hapless. she would hold been forced to acquire on with life. What Dickens is seeking to accomplish here is to turn to his point that the upper category society were ‘diseased and unhealthy’ . with Miss Havisham moving as the representative of the upper category of the clip. and he intentionally makes her look bad. She is a hermit who lives in the yesteryear. and despite all her wealth. alternatively of incorporating back into society after being jilted. she alternatively used her wealth to insulate herself from society for good. One must besides observe that Miss Havisham’s upbringing would hold played a major function in her determination to divide herself from society. because she came from a rich background. she was excessively proud to cover with being jilted. and so chose alternatively to make her ain fanciful universe. imprison herself in her ain house. stop clip. and separate herself from the outside universe. .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 , .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .postImageUrl , .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 , .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:hover , .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:visited , .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:active { border:0!important; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:active , .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26 .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7cf414d8ecaf6ade4b926fd0275bc26:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Surprise EssayThroughout the novel ; â€Å"Great Expectations† . Dickens uses imagination. linguistic communication. word picture and dramatic devices. this enables him to efficaciously convey his message to the audience. In many respects. Miss Havisham conforms to society’s criterions of single adult females in the Victorian age. Like many single adult females. she is an castaway. she separates herself from society by pick ; this pick is merely unfastened to her because of her wealth. It reflects the state of affairs at the clip. had Miss Havisham been hapless. so she wouldn’t even hold had the pick to be separated from society. she would hold been fo rced to return to society or die. The fresh reflects Victorian England’s beliefs about women’s inability to last without a male figure in their lives ; this is why they were put under huge force per unit area to acquire married. Miss Havisham is presented as the incarnation of women’s failure in society. and their over-reliance on work forces. After being jilted on her marrying twenty-four hours. Miss Havisham saw no manner of traveling on without a adult male in her life. and took the pick of dividing herself from the remainder of society. even though she could hold chosen to acquire on with life. In a metaphorical sense she turned a unsighted oculus to the play of visible radiation at the terminal of the tunnel. Her reluctancy to acquire on with life becomes an compulsion. and she intentionally creates an fanciful universe. which acts as a barrier between her ain universe and the existent universe. ‘†¦in closing out the visible radiation of twenty-four hours. she had shut out boundlessly more ; that. in privacy. she had secluded herself from a 1000 natural and curative influences ; that her head incubation in lone. had grown diseased†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The word ‘light’ in the old quotation mark is used as the collectors item of inclusion and integrating. because visible radiation is the antonym of darkness which represents isolation and segregation. Dickens’ usage of imagination here works good and the reader can appreciate the point being raised here more efficaciously. Overall. one can reason that the chief ground for the characters isolation is because she chose to be isolated. and was able to take to be isolated. as already discussed. In Charles Dickens â€Å"Great Expectations† he uses imagination. linguistic communication. word picture and dramatic devices to demo the effects and effects of Miss Havisham’s pick to insulate herself from the remainder of society. When she separated herself from the remainder of society. in consequence she turned a unsighted oculus to world. she couldn’t face up to the fact that she had been jilted. and dealt with this in her ain small way- to divide herself from the remainder of society. The 2nd that she took this determination. she created a barrier between her ain self-created universe and the existent universe. Her house was an built-in portion of this new universe that she created. and since visible radiation was portion of the universe she had chosen to divide herself from. non a spec of light got into Satis house. ‘†¦You are non afraid of a adult female who has neer seen the Sun since you worn born? ’ The decay of Satis house acts as a ocular focal point of the physical and emotional decay of Miss Havisham. The nutrient inside the house is disintegrating. merely as Miss Havisham is. and is go oning to disintegrate excessively. The consequence of her isolation is that it easy exonerated the house from all the good that was in it. One begs the inquiry of how could a adult females populating in conditions like that survive. but it was her turning compulsion of deriving retaliation over work forces for what had happened to her that kept her traveling. Her compulsion of retaliation reached its extremum. and it was at that place and so that she acts upon her compulsions. utilizing Pip and Estella to accomplish these desires. Miss Havisham raises Estella to be cold. emotionless and have no bosom. Miss Havisham trained Estella to be her mouthpiece and representative in her command to derive retaliation over work forces. Miss Havisham’s compulsion is so much. that she even tells Estella to ‘break his heart’ ; the male in inquiry in the old quotation mark is Pip. a immature ‘common laboring boy’ as Estella describes him. In all the exchanges between Estella and Pip. Estella is ever rude to Pip. but Miss Havisham orders Pip to let her to be ill-mannered to him. ‘You say nil of her†¦she says many difficult things of you. but you say nil of her†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quotation mark justifies the degree at which her compulsion for retaliation had reached. she enjoyed seeing Pip’s life being destroyed right under her olfactory organ. under her bids. as if it were a movie. and she was the manager. Throughout the book. Miss Havisham persistently makes Pip acknowledge Estella’s beauty. ‘is she beautiful? ’ One can feel the great enjoyment Miss Havisham has when she tells Pip that Estella has gone abroad. because she knew that it broke his bosom. ‘†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Educating for a lady ; far out of range ; prettier than of all time ; admired by all who see her. make you experience you have lost her? There was such a malignant enjoyment in her vocalization of the last words and she broke into such a disagreeable laugh’ The sheer coldness of the character is summarised in these three lines. she took pleasance in interrupting Pip’s bosom. partially doing up for the injury she went through when her bosom was broken by a adult male twenty old ages earlier. Even after showing this heart-breaking intelligence to Shoot with such joy and fondness. her brainsick compulsion of retaliation pushes her to go on destructing Pip’s life even more. Miss Havisham continues to press Pip to love Estella and look up to her beauty. it must be noted that this beauty was nil more than physical beauty because Estella had no interior beauty. Miss Havisham had. in her ain words ‘stole bosom off and set ice in its place’ . .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b , .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .postImageUrl , .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b , .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:hover , .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:visited , .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:active { border:0!important; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:active , .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20e6e92f48bccf610a67fa2bf2ae095b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Should Cannabis be legal? EssayThe undermentioned quotation mark shows how determined Miss Havisham was in interrupting Pip’s bosom and destroying his life. ‘Love her. love her. love her! If she favours you. love her. If she wounds you love her. If she tears you bosom to pieces†¦love her. love her. love her! ’ The repeat of the words ‘love her’ are used to underscore the degree of barbarous compulsion that Miss Havisham had reached. she even told him that if Estella tears his ‘heart to pieces’ so he should go on to love her. This in world is what she wanted to go on ; she wanted Pip’s bosom to be teared to pieces. T he quotation mark goes on to farther say: ‘†¦I adopted her to be loved. I bred her and educated her. to be loved. ’ Here Miss Havisham is admiting that she used Estella. she trained her to go cold and ruthless. When Miss Havisham says ‘I†¦educated her’ what she means is that she passed on her hate of work forces onto her. and that she wanted her to be her representative and acquire retaliation for her over work forces. Miss Havisham’s obsessional retaliation secret plan. if successful would ensue in the devastation of Pip’s life. and although she achieved this to some extent. her program caused more than merely one â€Å"casualty† . Miss Havisham destroyed Pip’s life. but sacrificed destroying Estella’s life in the procedure. Her â€Å"creation† . which she so carefully nurtured. who was to be her representative. was brought up in such a manner that she is incapable of love. Estella herself highlights the point when she says to Miss Havisham ; ‘I am what you have made me’ . What Miss Havisham made her was a hardhearted animal whose bosom could merely be ‘stabbed in or changeable at’ . Miss Havisham’s obsessional retaliation secret plan blowbacks. and the hurting that she causes herself is arguably the worse effect of all her actions. Her program was meant to give her the satisfaction of retaliation. by utilizing Pip and Estella to â€Å"act† out her program. The whole intent of the program was to interrupt Pip’s bosom. which in bend meant. in Miss Havisham’s head. that she had gained retaliation over work forces. Her program nevertheless. did non turn out to be every bit successful as she would hold hoped. and alternatively of her deriving the satisfaction of retaliation. we see that the complete antonym happens and that she ends up even more suffering than earlier and implore for forgiveness. ‘She turned her face to me†¦and. to my astonishment. I may even add to my panic. dropped on her articulatio genuss at my feet’ this is when world had eventually struck world. for the first clip in over 20 old ages. Miss Havishamà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fanciful isolated universe crumbled in a disconnected second and world hit her. ‘Until you spoke to her the other twenty-four hours. and until I saw in you a looking-glass that showed me what I one time felt myself. I did non cognize what I had done. What have I done! What have I done! ’ Miss Havisham is witting that she has made Pip go through the same injury that she had done. an inhuman and immoral title. and she begs for his clemency. The degree of guilt she feels leads to her weeping. which showed that she still had some portion of a bosom. ‘ I had neer seen her shed a tear before’ . Through the usage of imagination. word picture. linguistic communication and dramatic devices. Dickens is able to efficaciously portray the effects and effects of Miss Havisham’s isolation. In Charles Dickens â€Å"Great Expectations† . the author uses the character of Miss Havisham to knock the upper category of his clip. Although his portraiture of Miss Havisham is really negative. and was to demo the haughtiness of the upper category. one could besides reason that he wanted the audience to experience some understanding towards Miss Havisham. After all. Dickens does set send on some strong statements to back up Miss Havisham and make some understanding. but at the same clip the statements criticise the split between the rich and hapless excessively. One of these statements which make the reader experience sympathetic to Miss Havisham for her actions is that a major factor which lead to her taking the pick to divide herself from the remainder of society was her upbringing. He shows that her determination. which in bend led to so many tragic events. was the merchandise of a â€Å"diseased† society. He farther proves this point through the character of Estella. he shows one is greatly affected by their environment and their upbringing. Miss Havisham made Estella what she was. and so Miss Havisham’s upbringing would hold had an influence on her determination to insulate herself. However. one could counter the statement that Dickens wanted to make understanding for Miss Havisham. instead he used her to knock the adult females of the clip. and their over trust on work forces. He was really critical of adult females who he felt didn’t unrecorded up to his perceptual experience of the perfect female function theoretical account. but his feeling and positions would likely hold been influenced by both his ain upbringings and the beliefs of the clip. This is dry. because he creates understanding for Miss Havisham by seting frontward the statement that she was the guiltless merchandise of society and of her upbringing. but his positions on adult females would bind in absolutely with that statement. In decision. I believe that Dickens wanted to make sympathy towards Miss Havisham. motivating people to believe about the â€Å"diseased and unhealthy† society. and see their places. He uses the book to efficaciously set across his positions. and his avidity and desire to convey about alteration and make a better ; more merely society is apparent in his intervention of the subject of isolation. Through the usage of imagination. linguistic communication. word picture and dramatic devices. Charles Dickens successfully explores the subject of isolation through Miss Havisham. and besides put across his positions and thoughts.

Chronological List of Medieval Popes

Chronological List of Medieval Popes This table will let you see the progression and frequency of pontiffs through the Middle Ages, from its generally-accepted starting point in the 5th century into the 17th century. List of Medieval Popes 468-483: Simplicius483-492: Felix III492-496: Gelasius I496-498: Anastasius II498-514: Symmachus 514-523: Hormisdas523-526: John I526-530: Felix IV530-532: Boniface II533-535: John II 535-536: Agapetus I536-537: Silverius537-555: Vigilius556-561: Pelagius I561-574: John III 575-579: Benedict I579-590:Pelagius II590-604: Gregory I (the Great)604-606: Sabinian607: Boniface III 608-615: Boniface IV615-618: Deusdedit619-625: Boniface V625-638: Honorius I640: Severinus 640-642: John IV642-649: Theodore I649-655: Martin I655-657: Eugene I657-672: Vitalian 672-676: Adeodatus (II)676-678: Donus678-681: Agatho682-683: Leo II684-685: Benedict II 685-686: John V686-687: Conon687-701: Sergius I701-705: John VI705-707: John VII 708: Sisinnius708-715: Constantine715-731: Gregory II731-741: Gregory III741-752: Zachary 752: Stephen II752-757: Stephen III757-767: Paul I767-772: Stephen IV772-795: Adrian I 795-816: Leo III816-817:Stephen V817-827: Paschal I824-827: Eugene II827: Valentine 827-844: Gregory IV844-847: Sergius II847-855: Leo IV855-858: Benedict III858-867: Nicholas I (the Great) 867-872: Adrian II872-882: John VIII882-884: Marinus I884-885: Adrian III885-591: Stephen VI 891-896: Formosus896: Boniface VI896-897: Stephen VII897: Romanus897: Theodore II 898-900: John IX900-903: Benedict IV903: Leo V904-911: Sergius III911-913: Anastasius III 913-914: Lando914-928: John X928: Leo VI929-931: Stephen VIII931-935: John XI 936-939: Leo VII939-942: Stephen IX942-946: Marinus II946-955: Agapetus II955-963: John XII 963-965: Leo VIII964: Benedict V965-972: John XIII973-974: Benedict VI974-983: Benedict VII 983-984: John XIV985-996: John XV996-999: Gregory V999-1003: Sylvester II1003:John XVII 1003-1009: John XVIII1009-1012: Sergius IV1012-1024: Benedict VIII1024-1032: John XIX1032-1044: Benedict IX 1045: Sylvester III1045: Benedict IX (again)1045-1046: Gregory VI1046-1047: Clement II1047-1048: Benedict IX (yet again) 1048: Damasus II1049-1054: Leo IX1055-1057: Victor II1057-1058: Stephen X1058-1061: Nicholas II 1061-1073: Alexander II1073-1085: Gregory VII1086-1087: Victor III1088-1099: Urban II1099-1118:Paschal II 1118-1119: Gelasius II1119-1124: Callistus II1124-1130: Honorius II1130-1143: Innocent II1143-1144: Celestine II 1144-1145: Lucius II1145-1153: Eugene III1153-1154: Anastasius IV1154-1159: Adrian IV1159-1181: Alexander III 1181-1185: Lucius III1185-1187: Urban III1187: Gregory VIII1187-1191: Clement III1191-1198: Celestine III 1198-1216: Innocent III1216-1227: Honorius III1227-1241: Gregory IX1241: Celestine IV1243-1254: Innocent IV 1254-1261: Alexander IV1261-1264: Urban IV1265-1268: Clement IV1271-1276: Gregory X1276: Innocent V 1276: Adrian V1276-1277: John XXI1277-1280: Nicholas III1281-1285: Martin IV1285-1287: Honorius IV 1288-1292: Nicholas IV1294: Celestine V1294-1303: Boniface VIII1303-1304: Benedict XI1305-1314: Clement V 1316-1334: John XXII1334-1342: Benedict XII1342-1352: Clement VI1352-1362:Innocent VI1362-1370: Urban V 1370-1378: Gregory XI1378-1389: Urban VI1389-1404: Boniface IX1404-1406: Innocent VII1406-1415: Gregory XII 1417-1431: Martin V1431-1447: Eugene IV1447-1455: Pope Nicholas V1455-1458: Callistus III1458-1464: Pius II 1464-1471: Paul II1471-1484: Sixtus IV1484-1492: Innocent VIII1492-1503: Alexander VI1503: Pius III 1503-1513: Julius II1513-1521: Leo X1522-1523: Adrian VI1523-1534: Clement VII1534-1549: Paul III 1550-1555: Julius III1555: Marcellus II1555-1559: Paul IV1559-1565: Pius IV1566-1572: Pius V 1572-1585: Gregory XIII1585-1590: Sixtus V1590: Urban VII1590-1591: Gregory XIV1591: Innocent IX1592-1605: Clement VIII There are 187 medieval popes. Of them, only a handful are considered important by historians. That handful Gregory I, Gregory VII, Innocent III, Nicholas I, Clement VI, Urban II has been included in our resource. Some of the rest is quite interesting; most achieved little of note; still, others reigned so briefly that very little is known about them. It would take, quite literally, years to add them all to this resource. We recommend that if you require information on one of the more obscure popes who have yet to be included here, please look him up in The Catholic Encyclopedia or the nearest offline resource.

Global Marketplaces and Business Centers Research Paper

Global Marketplaces and Business Centers - Research Paper Example With advances in information technology, there have been lower costs to communicate and interact across national and international boundaries. This has seen many businesses facing the potential to expand and increase their markets into other foreign countries. With information technology, it has been possible to transfer resources, materials, and capital to wherever they are likely to yield the highest profits (Buono 29). The term ‘business center’ has a number of meanings. A business centre may be defined as a popular place in which many businesses are able to rent rooms for events, meetings or offices. A business centre is also part of a town, city, country, or region where the main business activities and premises such as banks, shopping malls, factories, or offices are located. In business centers, there are usually a lot of financial and business activities. Business centres usually represent places where business professionals, large companies, and other small busi ness are able to operate from. These centres usually provide businesses with conference rooms, space to operate, office equipment, telecommunication services, support staff, and other amenities necessary for businesses to be conducted smoothly. The two terms are sometimes used to refer to places, regions, or countries that are well known business destinations (Porter 56). Global marketplaces and business centres can be assessed by looking at how the world’s GDP is shared. According to statistics appearing in the 2006 World Bank Development Report (292-300), the United States has 29% of the world’s GDP, the European Union 31%, Japan 11%, Canada 2%, and the rest of the world 27% as of 2004. The global marketplaces of North America include United States, the Caribbean countries, Central American countries, Greenland and Mexico. All these countries have a population of over 507 million people who produce close to 33% of the world’s total output. The US had the large st economy of $ 40.9 trillion GDP in 2004. Another global marketplace worth mentioning is Canada. It population is about 32 million, and it is a major exporter since its exports account for close to its GDP of 37% realized in 2004 which amounted to $ 980 billion (Rosenblooum 78). Western Europe consists of nations which are among the most successful, and attract the highest number of businesses and business ventures. The Western European countries have wealthy people who can buy many products from other marketplaces. Western European countries that make up global market places are divided into members of the European Union. It also consists of other countries that belong to the region. Some of these countries that are global marketplaces within Western Europe include Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and other like Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland (Hofstede 77). Eastern and Central Europe also have many countries that are considered global marketplaces and business centres. The c ountries that make up global marketplaces in Central Europe include Romania, Poland, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Austria, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, and Bosnia. The countries in Eastern Europe that are known to be global marketplaces are the 15 countries that were formed as a result of the Soviet Union’s disintegration. These regions have undergone numerous economic, political, and social changes during the past decade to be where they are today. Most of the

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 137

Summary - Essay Example There was discrimination even for federal jobs thus blacks could not join the military (Lewis, 1997). To ensure that all the whites supported him in his fight against the blacks, films and newspapers circulated propagandas about the blacks’ ignorance and the cruelty of the black men for instance black men are portrayed as rapists for raping their bosses white women in the south where they were slaves. This led to the formation of Ku Klux Klan that hanged and burnt the black men in public (Lewis, 1997). The increment of stereotyping blacks was rampant and the blacks tried their best to fight for equal rights. During World War 1, America joined the war to help the allies thus blacks joined the army. The black troop fought with honor to prove that they were better than the white soldiers were. In France, the white Americans continued discriminating and stereotyping the black troops and they gave warning to the French soldiers that the black troops were ignorant and lusted for white women and if they welcomed them they would rape their women (Lewis, 1997). The French soldiers discounted these accusations and the soldiers won the war in their favor. After the war, black troops were honored with medals but that was not enough as they only agreed to fight for America to ensure they earn equal rights. The black troops organized other blacks and formed organizations then moved to the north and in New York; they formed more organizations to ensure segregation ended (Lewis, 1997). Since some of the blacks in the organization were intelligent, they joined other philosophers in the verge of identifying their true roots from Africa. Knowing their culture and their ancestors was key in the struggle for equality although they claimed that race was not important in the provision of equal rights but they had to stand as African-American race to ensure discrimination of their race ended. The next step according to this chapter was to end the

Jackson and The Cherokee ( The Trail of Tears ) Essay

Jackson and The Cherokee ( The Trail of Tears ) - Essay Example His tribe is almost becoming extinct (Cherokee, para 2). The state of Georgia, our neighbors, is forcing us to relinquish our possessions for their benefit. It is unfortunate that also the President of the United States has failed to come to our aid, and has instead ruled in favor of the Georgians. We are left wondering what other rights do we enjoy if we cannot allowed to enjoy living peacefully on our God-given land, the land we inherited from our forefathers (Cherokee, para 4). The Cherokees have always fulfilled their engagements with the United States and have never reclaimed the portions of sovereignty which was surrendered by the treaties of Hopewell and Holston. Our people have always trusted their country to the guaranty of the United States. If this guaranty fails, we do not have anybody to trust, and we do not even know where to look for protection (Cherokee, para 6) Out of these atrocities and insecurity, we are pleading to the General Government to offer us new homes, and should also propose to pay the whole expense of the removal and settlement. We hope our pleas will be acted

Example Essay on Organization Management in Construction Industry

Example Essay on Organization Management in Construction Industry INTRODUCTION The aim and objective of this essay is to emphasize the basic understanding of people and organization management principles as it relates to construction industries of the 21st century. People and organization management is a fundamental factor in achieving a realistic and efficient use of resources, especially human resources. A heavy responsibility is placed on managers and the activities of management on the processes, systems and styles of management Laurie J Mullins (1996)13 Construction companies are faced with difficulties of how to organize and manage resources due to complexity of project and as such have a greater effect on the projects in terms of time, cost and quality. Every company has its own ideas about how to organize itself and its work, an effective organization will ensure that clear line of authority exist, and that every member of the project knows what he or she must do to make the project a success Dennis Lock (1996)11. Management is a description of a variety of activities carried out by those members of organizations whose role is that of a manager ie someone who has a formal responsibility for the work of one or more persons in the organization or who is accountable for specialist advisory duties in support of key management activities. This essay will address people and organization management principles by considering various definitions of management, main approaches to organization, structure and management theories and also relationship between an individual and the organization and advantages of management theories to 21st century construction industries. However, if action is to be effective, the theory must be adequate and appropriate to the task and to improved organization performance. It must be a good theory Laurie J Mullins (1996)39 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT Management can be define as the process of planning, organizing, controlling efforts of organization members and using all organization resources to achieve stated organization goals. According to G.A Cole (2004)7 , management is a collection of activities involving planning, organizing, motivating and controlling. Other writers also indicate their view about the definition of management as shown below: To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordiate and to control H.Fayol (1916)1 Management is a social processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the process consists of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.planning, control, coordination and motivation E.F.L Brech (1957)2 Managing is an operational process initially best dissected by analyzing the managerial functionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The five essential managerial functions are : planning, organizing, staffing, directing and leading, and controlling Knoontz and O Donnell (1984)3 Five area of management constitute the essence of proactive performance in our chaotic words: (1) an obsession with responsiveness to customers, (2) constant innovation in all area of the firm, (3) partnership the wholesale participation of and gain sharing with all people connected with the organization, (4) leadership that loves change ( instead of fighting it) and instills and shares an inspiring vision, and (5) control by means of simple support systems aimed at measuring the right stuff for todays environment T. Peters(1988)4 Basically, in a broad understanding considering all the above options, management is process that enables organization to set and achieve their objective by planning, organizing and controlling their resources, including gaining the commitment of their employees (motivation). ORGANIZATION According to H. Kerzner (2006)89, organization can be define as group of people who must coordinate their activities in other to meet organization objectives. Organization can also be defined according to the following school of thought: Organizations are intricate human strategies designed to achieve certain objectives Argyris(1960)8 Since organizations are systems of behaviour designed to enable humans and their machines to accomplish goals, organizational form must be a joint function of human characteristics and the nature of the task environment. Simon(1976)9 Organizations are systems of inter-dependent human beings. Pugh(1990)10 Organization are set up to achieve purposes that individuals cannot achieve on their own. Organizations then provide a means of working with others to achieve goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Likely to be determined by whoever is in the best position to influence themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A key characteristic of organization is their complexity. Stewart(1994)11 PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT In Construction company setup, managers are expected to have adequate knowledge and skill to manage people and their characteristic behaviours, works to be done and technology involved and all external environmental factors as it affects construction industry. The effects of the operation of the organization within its environment are reflected in terms of the management of opportunities and risk and the successful achievement of its aims and objectives. Laurie J Mullins (1996)6 People and organization management can therefore be treated using understanding of management theories, approaches in terms of classical, human relation and systems perspectives, all of which will be critically examined in the course of this essay. The Construction industries depend heavily on its workforce, they sometimes face several challenges if its recruitment to deliver expected project at estimated cost, expected or planned time and quality. The industry can improve its performance by attracting the right people(organization to look strongly at recruitment pool and think on how people can do different job in different way), keeping the right people (acknowledging a change their culture) and satisfying customer (develop focused strategy). PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES, APPROACHES There Are between six to eleven management theories and school of thought but for the purpose of this essay we will adopt the approach as explained by Laurie J Mullins (1996)39, that is analysis revolving around a framework based on four main approaches of: Classical, Human resources, Systems and Contigencies. The figure 1.0 below indicate simply the main approaches to organization, structure and management: Classical Human Relations Systems Contingency Emphasis on purpose, Attention to social The integration of the No one best design of formal structure, factors at work, classical and human organizations. Form of heirarchy of management, group, leadership, relations approaches. structure, management, technical requirements, the informal Importance of the and success of the and common principles organization, and socio- technical system. organization dependent of organisation behaviour of people The organization within upon a range of its external environment. situation variables. Fig 1.0 the main approaches to organization, structure and management. Laurie J Mullins (1996)39 The Classical Theories Classical theories focuses on improving the organization structure as a means of increasing efficiency, it emphasizes on the importance of the principles for the design of a logical structure of organization. The classical approach to management was primarily concerned with the structure and activities of formal, or official, organization. Issues such as the division of works, the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, and the span of control were seen to be of the utmost importance in the achievement of an effective organization G.A Cole(2004)4 Managers role in classical theory is that of planner and trainer.They are responsible to know what is expected of individual and develop a structure that works for the organization to achieve the main goal. The Human RelationTheories The fundamental idea behind the human relation approach to management is motivation based on a hierarchy of human needs, ranging from basic physiological needs(food, sleep) to higher psychological needs, such as self- fulfillment. This serves as a means of achieving organizational effectiveness. The human relations approach recognized the importance of the informal organization which will always be present within the formal structure. This informal organization will influence the motivation of employees who will view the organization for which they work through the values and attitudes of their colleagues. Their view of the organization determines their approach to work and the extent of their motivation to work well or otherwise. . Laurie J Mullins (1996)53 Construction managers are expected to have mind of motivating workers, understand the method, basic needs of the employees so that he can have maximum use of their support to enhance production. The System Theories According to Laurie J Mullins (1996)55 , the system approach attempts to reconcile the two earlier approaches and the work of the formal and the informal writers. Attention is focused on the total work organization and the interrelationships of the structure and behaviour, and the range of variables within the organization. This approach can be contrasted with a view of the organization as separate parts. The system approach encourages managers to view the organization both as a whole and as part of a larger environment. The idea is that any part of an organizations activities affects all other parts. The system approach is a complex social systems, responsive to a number of interdependent and important variables. The major variables in adopting system approach to organizations are; people (as individual and in group), technology (in terms of the technical requirements of work, organization structures and environment (the external conditions affecting the organization). Construction managers should therefore focus on interrelationships, both with subsystems and between the system and the external environment. He should be able to explain the trend and articulate the vision of the organization. The Contigency Theories The contingency approach can be seen as an extension of the system approach, it highlights possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of organization structures and systems of the management. The contingency approach implies that organization theory should not seek to suggest one best way to structure or manage organizations but should provide insights into the situational and contextual factors which influences management decisions. Laurie J Mullins (1996)57 Also according to G.A Cole(2004)82, a contingency approach build on the diagnostic qualities of the systems approach in order to determine the most appropriate organizational design and management style for a given set of circumstances. Essentially the contingency approach suggests that issue of design and the style depend on choosing what is the best combination, in the light of prevailing conditions of the following variables; the external environment, technological factors and human skill and motivation. BENEFIT OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES TO 21ST CENTURY CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Critical appraisal and thorough understanding of people and organizational management theoretical concepts will enable the construction managers to be fully aware and knowledgeable about different organizational management approaches in dealing with different situations and to adopt those approaches that best suit the particular requirement of the job. A problem relating to structure, the ideas of the classical writers or contingency theory may be adopted. When there is problem relating to personnel management, ideas from the human relations theorists might be valuable. If the problem is environmental, the systems approach might prove most useful. Generally, the knowledge and understanding of management theory will help the construction manager in tackling the complexities of people and organizational management of the 21st century. However, no single approach to organization and management that can provide all the answers but the comparative study of different theoretical approaches will yield benefits and strategically position the manager in facing the people and organizational management challenges of the industry. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INDIVIDUAL AND THE ORGANISATION Since any organization is comprised of individuals, individuals then become the unit of analysis in organizations principles and theories. Individuals behave in different ways according to their background, knowledge, education and psychosocial factors. The knowledge and understanding of the individual behaviors, the behavioral patterns and personal development is therefore crucial to the construction manager amidst the complexities of construction organizations. Construction managers need to be aware of factors that govern individual behavior, recognize individual potential and harness it to achieve the organizational goals and to understand how the individual behaviors affects the general organizations culture. Part 2 PERSONAL REFLECTION OF MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES I have discovered through reading series of management textbooks and journals, past work experience and academic teachings that the practice and application of management skills and competencies is the panacea to management and organizational problems facing the construction industry given the complexities and the dynamic environment. Due to my technical training and work experience in a construction company, I have developed some of these management skills and competencies. Some were acquired by management training, some inculcated through organizational culture and some merely by intuition. Some of this competencies are, teamwork, leadership skill, organizational ability, interpersonal skills, decision making, managing change, drive for achievement, creative problem solving and analysis, negotiating skills, managing conflicts and listening skills. However, there are management skills and values that I still need to acquire or develop further during the course of my studies as a project manager. These include organizational ability, strategic planning, self management and prioritizing, information collection and analysis, good communication skills and resource management. Before now, I have always taken organizational values, adequate planning and self management, and prioritizing for granted due to management ignorance, but having learnt and discovered that they are very important for a successful project manager, I have begun to imbibe the values of effective planning, organizing and prioritizing my academic works, personal activities as scheduled and always seek a way of developing them further and further. During my studies, I have discovered that all these skills and values are very important for any construction manager to be able to adequately plan, organize, motivate workers, make good and timely decisions, manages constant changes, manage limited resources, conflicts e.t.c., and communicate effectively within and outside the organization in order to meet the enormous challenges of the complex construction industry. Also based on my background, all the management theories has been experienced as day to day references in attending to issues, improving output, getting result out of human resources and achieving company goal at a profitable margin and make the shareholders happy. CONCLUSION It is very important for a construction manager to develop good management skills and organizational competencies in order to effectively and efficiently meet the challenges of complex 21st century construction industry within the dynamic environment. Implementation and understanding of all management theories is very important for construction manager to be able to deliver project at estimated time, within the budgeted cost and specified quality.

Ozone Season Just Ahead :: essays research papers

With ozone season just around the corner, big cities everywhere are getting worried about low visibility and magnified allergies. The season begins Monday, May 1st and extends through September 30th. Jilayne Jordan, Spokesperson for the Georgia Department of Transportation says that, Elderly people, kids with asthma or allergies and people who exercise outdoors that when there’s a smog alert day, it’s extremely hard on the lungs. Mark Ressler, Senior Meteorologist at The Weather Channel, says weather can worsen the problem. The stagnant conditions of summer can make it worse. You get into the same pattern where the air mass isn’t changing. You build up air matter day to day. You get those steely-gray skies and visibility goes down,† he said. That means large cities including Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Atlanta are prime targets. Atlanta, in particular, is facing a backlash not just from the environment but from the government as well. According to Jo rdan, the Federal government has frozen transportation funds because the southern city is not in compliance with current air quality standards, set by the Environmental Protection Agency. We didn’t address it when we first realized and now we’re paying the price,† said Jordan. The reason, big cities are so vulnerable to ozone season is a simple matter of numbers. Jordan says that It’s becoming a problem where there are a lot of people and a lot of cars. Industries are a problem to. With so many residents suffering from allergies, the conditions can be very uncomfortable. Strategies designed to improve the atmosphere by reducing emissions include carpooling, traveling at non-peak hours, combining trips, biking or walking, and topping off gas tanks after dark. One of the biggest contributors to poor air quality is the building of roads and the use of cars. So if an area cannot comply with the health-based air quality regulations, the government isn’t going to provide funds to continue to build roads that will just worsen the problem,† said Beth Osborne, Policy Analyst for the Southern Governors’ Association.

Food Pyramid Essay

All of us today are facing an increasing array of nutritional challenges due to the way in which we eat; what we eat; how much we eat; and the way that we live our lives. Eating a right amount of food may sound daunting, but for many, just a few small changes can make a big difference to our overall health – and you don’t need to compromise on taste and enjoyment. When we talk about balance diet, the first that came in our mind is the food pyramids. Do you know what is food pyramid and how it was invented? A food pyramid is a pyramid shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections to show the recommended intake for each food group. The first food pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974. The most widely known food pyramid was introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture in the year 1992, was updated in 2005, and then replaced in 2011. Originally, the food pyramid was invented because of the high food prices in 1972, and it was to deliver the idea of â₠¬Å"basic food† that were both cheap and nutrious. Anna Britt Agnsà ¤ter, head of the test kitchen at KF, a consumer co-op that worked with the Board, held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsà ¤ter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF’s Vi magazine. As we go through the pyramid, there is actually about six classes of food. At the base of the pyramid, is where the carbohydrate is. It takes the biggest area of the pyramid compared to other classes of food. This is because, carbohydrate provide the most energy to our body. Therefore we need to consume carbohydrate liberally. The recommended amount of serving for carbohydrate is about 6-11 serving a day. Next, we go to the vitamins and dietary fibre. Vitamin is essential to our body to protect the body from various types of diseases and maintain the health of the body and it is divided by two categories : water soluble vitamin, B, C and fat soluble vitamin, A,D,E and K. Dietary fibre is made up of cellulose which cannot be digested by the body. It is required in small quantity as it is use to prevent constipation. The recommended serving for each group is 3-5 serving a day. Now, we move to the upper level, which is called the protein group. Protein is required for building new cell for growth and to replace damage tissue. Basically, protein is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Lack of protein my cause a person to have kwashiorkor. It is necessary to take protein 2-3 serving per day. Last but not least, the fats group. Fat is the group of food that we need to consume sparingly. This is because, fat has the most slowest rate of digestion. Fat functions as heat insulator. It also provide energy and function as a protector for the internal organ such as heart and kidney. Therefore, food pyramid is a great guide to good nutrition. So if you’re not sure you’re eating the fruits and vegetables that you need, or think your diet is a little heavy in fat, take a glance at the bright stripes of the food pyramid — they’ll help keep you on track to make sure you’re achieving your nutrition goals.

What is motivation Essays

What is motivation Essays What is motivation Essay What is motivation Essay Motivation Is the vehicle that Initiates, guides and sustains goal-oriented behaviors. It Is what causes us to take action, whether to grab some food to diminish hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The substance that lies beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature. Motivation is compounded into three areas, the first being things in which prompt the conduct, the second is the gold in the direction of which the conduct was directed, and lastly the motive for changes in the passion of the behavior. Motivation is not something that can be seen or touched directly it is more of a hypothetical state: it is implicated by observable behavior. A study was done utilizing the use of two rats. The rats had a specially constructed cage, in which they pressed a lever to obtain food. They found that the rats did this without being promoted after a while because this behavior was learned. This study Illustrates a form of motivation within the rats. What motivated them was hunger, which presented the need for food. In this case the desires to want food were the rats need. There are three major components to motivation: activation, persistence and intensity. Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class. Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist, such as taking more psychology courses in order to earn a degree although it requires a significant investment of time, energy and resources. Finally, intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. Performable, one student might move effortlessly and smoothly thou much effort, while another student will study daily, engage in discussions and take advantage furthering their studies and their research opportunities outside of the classroom. Motivation is defined as the process that Initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation Is what causes us to act, whether It Is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological. Emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behavior. C. EXERCISE There are two types of self-esteem which have extraordinarily different significances, lobar self-esteem being more applicable to psychological well- being, and specific self-esteem being more applicable to behavior. Our self esteem echoes on how we feel, and what we have confidence in about ourselves. In the academic world self esteem can be global or specific. Global self esteem refers to our general judgment of worth, whereas specific self esteem relates to precise areas of your life. For example, a person can have low self esteem in one area of life yet high self esteem in another. Low self esteem could be categorized as feelings of low self worth and a lack of self-assurance. There may also be a lack of self-belief, possibly negative belief about our observation of self. I sometimes hear people with low self esteem say very negative things about themselves such as: Im needy l use people Im stupid Im selfish If confronted, people will frequently defend their accounts by coming up with excuses and explanations for their comments and behavior. They fight to uphold this instructive view of themselves and will possibly become angry at any proposal that they have any self worth. These same people when presented with a flattering mark are more likely to pay no attention to it or even dispute it . An the other hand, a person with low self esteem wouldnt follow this pattern. On the surface they appear secure and may even give a sense of high self value. These people are sometimes described as egotistical although not always. They are in essence either deliberately or involuntarily faking it. A person with low self esteem constantly lives in fear of being discovered. A great example of this is, my co-heart Miguel, states that he graduated High School at the age 16, yet is only returning to further his education owe at the age of 22. Self esteem for other people stands in a middle position generally the individual feels good about themselves however they may be defenseless to outside events. When things in life go wrong they will experience a plunge in self esteem. The long term impact of that plunge depends on their resilience. The better our self esteem the more resilient we tend to be. It is suitable to be effected by crisis, trauma and disaster. Lack of reaction would suggest the person has a mental imbalance. We can however improve our resilience. V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES C. EXERCISE Ill. Cognitions balance explains how people tend to maintain consistency in patterns of liking and disliking are balanced, the interrelation or arrangements of parts in a complex entity are stable. When they are imbalanced, these mutual or reciprocal relations are unstable and there is pressure to change in the direction that makes them balanced. Festering was a philologist who expanded on the cognitive dissonance theory. Dissonance and consonance are associated among cognitions which are, among opinions, beliefs, awareness of the environment, and awareness of ones own actions and emotions. Two beliefs, or opinions, or objects of knowledge are dissonant with one another if they do not fit together, if they are conflicting, or if, considering only the specific two items, one does not trail the other. For example, a person who is a cigarette smoker may believe that smoking is bad for their health has stance that is dissonant with the knowledge that he is continuing to smoke. He may have many other beliefs, views, or items of understanding that are consonant with maintaining to smoke but the dissonance nonetheless exists too. Dissonance creates discomfort and, likewise, there will stem pressures to diminish or eradicate the dissonance. Efforts to diminish dissonance represent the recognizable manifestations that dissonances exist. Such attempt may take some or all of three forms. The person may try to adjust one or more of the views, beliefs, or behaviors associated with the dissonance; to obtain new information or beliefs that will raise the existing consonance and thus resulting in the total dissonance to be reduced; or decrease the importance of those cognitions that are in a dissonant relationship. Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an adjustment, change, or modification in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. V. LEARNING ACTIVITY C. EXERCISE II. Extrinsic motivation transpires when we are motivated to execute a behavior or partake in an activity in order to receive a reward or evade a punishment. Examples of behaviors that are outcomes of extrinsic motivation include: Studying so you can attain a good grade Cleaning your room to evade being chastised by your parents Partaking in a Contending i n a contest in hops to win a scholarship Within each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a yearning to obtain a reward or avoid a negative result. Intrinsic motivation involves partaking in a behavior because it is personally pleasing; in essence, performing an activity for your own sake as opposed to the longing for some external reward. Examples of behaviors that are the outcomes of intrinsic motivation include: Taking part in a sport cause you find the activity enjoyable Solving a word problem because you find the challenge fun and interesting Playing a game because you find it exhilarating In each of these scenarios, the individuals behavior is motivated by an internal longing to take part in an activity for its own sake. So, the crucial distinction between the two types of motivation is that extrinsic motivation occurs from outside of the individual while intrinsic motivation arises from within. V. POST-TEST Achievement refers to an individuals aspiration for momentous accomplishment, asters of skills or high standards. Psychologist David McClellan studied motivation extensively and theorized that individuals have needs that influence their performance. One of these needs is achievement which can be defined as an individuals need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment. For example, workers who strive for achievement will work very well in corporations where they are given regular performance evaluations. They are eager and satisfied with their Jobs because goals are set, they are given constructive r instructive feedback on past behaviors and given some type of rewards if they performed well. This personality trait is characterized by a lasting and steady concern with setting and meeting high standards of achievement. This need is inclined by a internal drive for action (intrinsic motivation), and the demands exerted by the hopes of others (extrinsic motivation). Measured with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), need for achievement encourages an individual to thrive in competition, and to surpass in activities vital to the individual. Need for achievement s correlated to the toil of tasks people choose to embark on. Individuals with low need for achievement may elect very easy tasks, in order to reduce the risk of failure, or highly difficult tasks, such that a failure would not be embarrassing. Individuals with high need for achievement have a tendency to choose difficult tasks, feeling that they are stimulating, but within reach. Persons high in need for achievement are considered by a propensity to pursue challenges and have a high degree of independence. Their most filling reward is the acknowledgement of their achievements.

My Perfect Wife Essays

My Perfect Wife Essays My Perfect Wife Essay My Perfect Wife Essay My wife Kathy is not the perfect wife, but she is my perfect wife. Ah, how cute you are thinking. He is such a sweet husband to say that. I dont think you understand. I do not mean that as something nice and cute to say about my wife. It is not meant to be hyperbole, but a statement of fact. How can someone be perfect? It is impossible of course unless God is involved. He can take an imperfect woman and make her my perfect wife. Kathy still makes wrong decisions at times. She does not love me in ways I want every single moment of the day. She doesnt peel my grapes as fast as I would like. She is not the perfect wife UT she is the greatest gift, outside of Jesus Christ Himself, that God has given me; my perfect wife. My number one desire in life is to be like Jesus. Everything else is secondary. Kathy was given to me to help me become the man of God which I was designed to be. Everything about her helps me to grow spiritually. All of her positive, Godly traits; as well as her negative,ungodly traits. Kathy is a great cook. If you come to our house for dinner you would find a home cooked meal from scratch. Many of the ingredients could be freshly picked from our garden. It taste heavenly and there is always more then enough. We do not eat frozen dinners in our house. The microwave is only used to warm up leftovers. Even popcorn is cooked on the stove in a sauce pan and real butter is poured on top. She is such a great cook that I am now on a diet. I have lost almost 20 lbs and hope to lose another 20. I am learning about self control from my wife. Thankfully she helps and doesnt cook as much or as fattening foods as she SE to. Still great food which I could stuff myself so full of I would look like a candidate for The Losers TV reality show. Her good traits help me learn godly traits. I wont speak of anything bad she does very few to mention anywayay) but let me Just say she is not perfect. Those negative traits are wonderful for me. God gave her to me, negative traits and all, because everything about her helps me to grow. God works miracles in my life using Kittys flaws. I could get frustrated and mad at her but God uses all that to make me more like Him. Yesterday was Kathy birthday which caused me to think about her and thank God for her. She is perfect for me. I would never want to marry anyone else. I wouldnt even want her as my wife without her imperfections. It is her, as she is, that makes her my perfect wife. My Perfect Wife By David-Washburn

Financial Policies and the Value of the Firm Literature review

Financial Policies and the Value of the Firm - Literature review Example The research identified that the matter of a firm’s dividend policy and its effect on current share prices. The effects of different dividend polices on current share prices based on assumptions of perfect capital markets, rational behaviour on the part of investors and perfect certainty. The assumption of perfect markets means that all traders have equal access to information and transaction costs such as brokerage fees and transfer tax which are normally associated with the sale and purchase of shares are non-existent. Rational behaviour indicates a preference for more instead of less and an indifference to the form that wealth takes – whether it is in the form of cash payments as dividends or increases in the market value of shares. Perfect certainty on the other hand indicates that investors have no doubt in relation to the investment and financial policy of the firm as well as the future levels of profitability of all firms. Stiglitz extends the argument that the f inancial policy of the firm is irrelevant to a multi-period model. The reason for this extension is to give consideration to a wider range of financial policies to include not only a debt to equity ratio but a dividend retention ratio, a debt maturity structure and possibly the holding of securities in other firms. While stressing the importance of financial policy on the value of the firm to students of finance, Stiglitz indicates that ‘if the conditions under which the â€Å"irrelevance† theorems obtain’ are considered to be realistic it results in a reduction in the tools that they require to function effectively. Stiglitz (1974) suggested that it is possible to place the decisions that a firm makes into four groups: i. the way in which investment is financed; ii. the way in which revenue is distributed; iii. the amount that should be invested in any particular projects; and iv. the projects that should be undertaken as well as the techniques that should be em ployed. The first two relates to the firms financial policy while the last two relate to its investment policy. Stiglitz (1974) highlights the fact that there is a relationship between both types of decisions which may not be obvious. Stiglitz (1974) also indicates that two different but still closely related propositions have been confused. While they assert that a firm’s financial policy does not affect its value. The first asserts that the individual does not prefer one financial policy over another and specifically to the debt to equity ratio implying therefore that there is determinate ratio for the economy as a whole while the second indicates that there might be some preference as there may be a determinate debt to equity ratio for the economy as a whole but the financial policy of a particular firm makes no difference. Stiglitz (1974) concludes that the first preposition is stronger because it indicates that the financial structure of the economy and therefore the fir m is irrelevant while the second indicates its irrelevance in relation to the firm only. Stiglitz (1984) points out that the decisions that the firm makes are interrelated and so the decision to increase dividend and still decide to invest would suggest that additional capital needs to be obtained. If a loan is obtained to facilitate the investment then less would be available in the following period and to either retained earnings or dividends would decrease. If instead, shares are issued to facilitate the decision to invest then the amount distributed to shareholders in the following period would decrease if retained earnings is left unchanged. Stiglitz (1974) points to shortcomings in Baumol and Malkiel (1967) and Modigliani and Miller (1958) in their discussion of on how taxation impacts the optimal financial policy of the firm. Baumol and Malkiel (1967) and Modigliani and Miller (1958) observed that debt reduces the amount of tax that a firm is

Chemistry Assignment - Heat, Fire, Bohl model, Hydrogen Essay

Chemistry Assignment - Heat, Fire, Bohl model, Hydrogen - Essay Example The evidence that Bohr's model works is in the fact that, the moon is able to move around its orbital without crashing to the continent like Australia and it is also supported by Millikan's Oil Drop experiment that explains how an atom can exist only in definite amounts of quanta, hence "stationary states." Bohr calculated an equation that gives simplistic values for the radii or energy level shell at which the electrons could orbit in a "stationary state" where there is neither emissions nor absorptions of energies explained by the discontinuous transition between the different energy level shells. On the other hand, multi-electron elements have more electrons and more energy levels. . Hence when electrons are excited can move from one energy level to another: either higher or lower and in the process energy is given out. Therefore, electrons are many hence energy relationships cannot be done directly or not "solved".(Nelkon, p188)