Sigmund Freud and Phobias

Are phobic disorders exampled by sexual postulate, or Is in that location something else that causes people to deliver phobic neurosiss? Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1 856, in Beriberi, Moravia (now the Czech Re macrocosm). Freud grew up a very confused child. His father married a woman 20 categorys childlikeer than himself. His father had sons that were as darkened as his current bride. Freud vista his half-brothers were much than compatible as a mate with his mother. Freud himself questi hotshotd If his new-made little sister was produced from his father or half- brother.HIS puerility confusion led him to Investigate his own thoughts and the Houghton of other people. (Gay, P.. 1988) Freud used analytic thinking in patients, which allowed them to openly speak ab let out their memories in a relaxed environment. Frauds analyst approach is still used today. Summers (2006) states, Freud found that as the patient grew close to the woefulnesstic material, repression in creased, and the analysts intervention was required. As each resistance was oer condescend, a new zone was reached In which the patient could associate freely. UT as that border approached painful material, the resistance intensified, and the analyst was needed to break through and through the new airier. (p. 328) But Freud was not genial with just analyzing peoples thoughts. He wanted to bang what motivated the repression of feelings. Freud thought the three psychic structures the d, the ego, and the superego, could be used to show the conflicting forces of personality. The old go or sos at birth and continues until the child Is 1 year old. The old Is entirely unconscious, and has no regard for rules of society.The ego Is the second layer of psychic structures. The child is beginning to see that needs cannot be met immediately. The terzetto exemplify of psychic structure development is the superego. This wooden leg takes over in early puerility as the child begins to lea rn the rules of society. The child too begins to be more like his or her rear. (Rather, 2008) Freud was very controversial In his time. He believed childrens basic feelings were related to sexual feelings. He defined basketball team awards of psycho societal development as oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.The stages of psycho tender development translate into adulthood as well. If needs atomic number 18 not met, or overestimated during any of the stages, the child will constitute issues as an adult. Rather, 2008) The first stage of psycho favorable development is the oral stage. This begins at birth. Freud argued that breastfeeding satisfied sexual need in an infant as well as nourished the child. By weaning the child early, he or she whitethorn have an oral fixation infant is able to begin to mark off bowel movements. Freud believed anal fixations translated into adulthood by being overly self-controlling or c areless.The third stage is the phallic stage, which be gins around the third year of life. During this stage children may have strong sexual attachments too parent. The latency stage begins after a child has had sexual attachment too parent for several age. During this stage the sexual feelings remain unconscious. The fifth and final stage is the genital stage, which takes over at puberty. It is at this time that young adults begin to find mates that resemble their father or mother. (Rather, 2008) Freud also thought that phobias lead offd from sexual urges.Freud used the case of Little Hans, a boy who was terror-stricken of horses to explain how phobias are related to sexual urges. Little Hans was five years old, his father wrote to Freud to help explain why Hans was afraid of horses. Freud theorized that Hans had an Oedipus complex and was in love with his mother, and was a sexual rival of his father. Freud believed phobias do no go on when sexual development is normal. Frauds explanation does not take into account that the young b oy had witnessed a terrible accident amidst a deal and a horse weeks earlier.Freud suggested to Hans parents to allow Hans to openly speak his feelings, which they did. When Hans parents talked to him, they found out he was Jealous of his new baby sister getting more attention than he. Years later when Freud spoke with Hans, Hans could not member his phobia of horses. Although most mental health experts have now discarded Frauds speculation of phobias originating from sexual development, Freud did advance the study of mental illness by having patients openly discuss their phobias. Margarita, 2009) hoi polloi unable to cope well with stress may develop an apprehension disorder. Margarita (2009) defines concern disorder as an extreme and inveterate reaction to an irrational fear, affecting a persons mood, thoughts, behavior, and activities. (p. 19) The six types of anxiety disorder include social phobias, specific phobias, panic crosier, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-trau matic stress disorder, and reason out anxiety disorder. Panic disorder symptoms include a sudden gust of terror including pounding heart, sweating, weakness, faintness, or dizziness.Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms consist of becoming preoccupy with a certain fear, and creating strange rituals to overcome the fear. Post-traumatic stress disorder affects people who have suffered through a traumatic event. Many veterans suffer from this disorder. command anxiety disorder is marked by a constant occupy for no reason. (Margarita, 2009) According to Margarita (2009) Phobias are irrational and persistent fears that can be triggered by all manner of sources, including objects, situations, people, or activities. (p. 8) The dickens general types of phobias are social and specific phobias.Social phobias are triggered by everyday social situations. specialized phobias include fears about heights, spiders, water, snakes, or elevators. About 15 million Americans possess social pho bias, and 19 million suffer from specific phobias. Phobias may come from a frightening experience in childhood, chemical imbalances of the brain, r fears intentional from ancestors. (Margarita, 2009) Many people may experience nervousness from different social situations, such as People with social phobias are crippled by their fear of social situations to the point that it interferes with their daily lives. Margarita, 2009) There are two types of social phobias describe social phobia and generalized social phobia. Margarita (2009) defines circumscribed social phobia as, the fear of a specific situation. (p. 22) Examples of circumscribed social phobia includes being uncomfortable eating in a eating house or being unable to use public staterooms. People torture from circumscribed social phobia are usually able to make it relatively normal lives. They simply avoid the situation that makes them uneasy. Individuals that have generalized social phobia are much more believably to have difficulty with life.Margarita (2009) states, Generalized social phobia involves fear of all social situations, such as parties, school dances, or similar events. (p. 23) Specific phobias are an intense, irrational fear of something specific, such as flying, elevators, or insects. Specific phobias usually do not dominate a persons life. There are quatern types of specific phobias, including fear of insects and animals, fear of natural environments, fear of prodigal or injury and fear of dangerous situations. A 2001 poll revealed 51 pct of people with phobias are afraid of snakes.Other top ranking phobias include public speaking, heights, being in a small space, and spiders and insects. (Margarita, 2009) Of all the specific phobia suffers, 9 out of 10 are women. Parents may partially be to blame because they are more protective of daughters rather than sons. Boys are taught to be independent, whereas daughters are cautioned to stay close to home. Phobias often start in child hood and are carried into adult life. Another theory is that women are the more under fire(predicate) sex, and are more likely to be the victim of sexual assault. Margarita, 2009) The somatic reactions to phobias are numerous Breathing increases to take in more type O the heart beats faster blood pressure rises stomach vessels crush to force blood elsewhere arms and legs receive extra blood for energy and perspiration increases to regulate tree trunk temperature. This reaction of the body prepares it to bind the stress or run away from it. This is known as the line of achievement or fight action. (Margarita, 2009) What causes phobias? Phobias can be a result of trauma in early life. Scientists are also studying brain pass in regards to phobias.The amygdaloidal are located in the center of the brain. rounded control emotions. Scientists continue to research the amygdaloidal to see if they malfunction, causing the body to overreact to fears. Neurotransmitters enable messages to circulate through the brain, and scientists wonder if an imbalance of neurotransmitters could cause phobias. (Margarita, 2009) Phobias affect people in more ways than Just the anxiety felt. People suffering from phobias spend an average of $700 more per year on healthcare than other patients. People with phobias take 60 percent more sick days than other employees.People with phobias are not as likely to advance in their careers because the affect the phobia has on their Job performance. People with phobias earn on average 10 percent less, and have a 10 percent chance of not graduating college. Not only is utilisation and schooling disturbed, family life is as well. Sixteen percent of social phobia patients abuse alcohol, three times as many as the fixing population. Recent of phobia suffers have attempted suicide at one point in their lives. This is the same rate as people suffering with depression. Margarita, 2009) Treatment options for phobias include psychiatric therapy or J oining a support group. Some people overcome phobias by learning how to relax. The first pervert to overcoming fears is to realize they are irrational. It may also help to think about things that are not fearful. Some psychologists recommend yoga or exercise to annul anxiety. They also urge patients not to isolate themselves but rather hang on in close contact with family and friends and discuss their fears with them. Others who suffer from phobias turn to cognitive-behavioral therapy.Cognitive-behavioral therapy little by little exposes the person to their fear. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was first used by New York psychotherapist Albert Ellis in 1953. Cognitive-behavioral therapy May take eight to twenty treatments, with homework assignments assigned between visits. During treatment patients are gradually exposed to their phobias and they work through the anxiety that is felt. The anxiety is greatly reduced and patients learn skills to work through any anxiety. Other sufferi ng from phobias may cake antidepressants.These drugs help regulate the conflate of neurotransmitters. Antidepressants have high success rates, but medication alone wont heal phobias. People affected by phobias may be treated by a professional for months or years before getting over their fears. (Margarita, 2009) Do most experts today feel the same as Freud that phobias originate from sexual dysfunction? Most experts agree that trauma or replace in life environments are the causes of most phobias. Although some phobias are quite debilitating, treatment options do exist for people willing to work through their phobia.